CSA

5th Workshop on Recent Advances in Cyber Situational Awareness and Data-Centric Approaches

Aug 01, 2024
SR04
08:45 — 16:15

Workshop Chairs

→ Salvador Llopis
→ Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge
→ Marta Irene García Cid
→ Jorge Maestre Vidal
→ Gregorio Martínez Perez

Accepted Paper

RMF: A Risk Measurement Framework for Machine Learning Models

Jan Schröder (Fraunhofer FOKUS and HTW Berlin, Germany), Jakub Breier (TTControl GmbH, Austria)

Full Paper

Machine learning (ML) models are used in many safety and security-critical applications nowadays. It is therefore of interest to measure the security of a system that uses ML as its component.

This paper deals with the field of ML, especially security on autonomous vehicles. For this purpose, the concept of a technical framework will be described, implemented, and evaluated in a case study. Based on ISO/IEC 27004:2016, risk indicators are utilized to measure and evaluate the extent of damage and the effort required by an attacker. It is not possible, as assumed, to determine a risk value that represents the attacker's effort. Therefore, four different values must be interpreted individually.

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Analyzing Air-traffic Security using GIS-``blur'' with Information Flow Control in the IIIf

Florian Kammueller (Middlesex University London and TU Berlin, United Kingdom)

Full Paper

In this paper, we address security and privacy of air-traffic control systems. Classically these systems are closed proprietary systems. However, air-traffic monitoring systems like flight-radars are decentralized public applications risking loss of confidential information thereby creating security and privacy risks. We propose the use of the Isabelle Insider and Infrastructure framework (IIIf) to alleviate the security specification and verification of air traffic control systems. This paper summarizes the IIIf and then illustrates the use of the framework on the application of a flight path monitoring system. Using the idea of blurring visual data to obfuscate privacy critical data used in GIS systems, we observe that for dynamic systems like flightradars, implicit information flows exist. We propose information hiding as a solution. To show the security of this approach, we present the extension of the IIIf by a formal notion of indistinguishability and prove the central noninterference property for the flight path monitoring application with hiding.

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Exploring the influence of the choice of prior of the Variational Auto-Encoder on cybersecurity anomaly detection

Tengfei Yang (Software Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon:Midlands Midwest, Ireland), Yuansong Qiao (Software Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon:Midlands Midwest, Ireland), Brian Lee (Software Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon:Midlands Midwest, Ireland)

Full Paper

The Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) is a popular generative model as the variance inference in the latent layer, the prior is an important element to improve inference efficient. This research explored the prior in the VAE by comparing the Normal family distributions and other location-scale family distributions in three aspects (performance, robustness, and complexity) in order to find a suitable prior for cybersecurity anomaly detection. Suitable distributions can improve the detection performance, which was verified at UNSW-NB15 and CIC-IDS2017.

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A Technical Exploration of Strategies for Augmented Monitoring and Decision Support in Information Warfare

Frida Muñoz Plaza (Indra, Spain), Inés Hernández San Román (Indra, Spain), Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge (Indra, Spain)

Full Paper

The evolving landscape of global security has shifted away from the traditional dynamics of superpower confrontations towards a more complex interaction involving both state and non-state actors. This transition is fueled by factors like globalization, resource competition, and shifts in political and social frameworks, contributing to heightened levels of uncertainty. Simultaneously, there has been an 'information revolution' driven by technologies such as the Internet and mobile phones, ushering in an era dominated by computer-based decision-making. This evolving Information Environment encompasses various components, from the information itself to the actors and systems facilitating its utilization. The capability to influence perceptions, especially among local populations, holds significant strategic importance in military contexts. Additionally, the growing dependence on Information Technology (IT) introduces both opportunities for exploitation and vulnerabilities that require attention, particularly in the dissemination of information and disinformation campaigns via the Internet. In this paper, the authors explore technical enablers that can help to mitigate the downside effects of information warfare targeted against individuals engaged in information warfare campaigns. A three-fold analysis unveils alternatives for monitoring the cognitive domain capabilities, the analysis of external sources of information (e.g., OSINT sources), and analysis of cognitive patterns. The ultimate goal is to suggest defensive mechanisms to diminish the likelihood of success of an adversarial attack through deterrence from others' perceptions effectively

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Evaluation of Cyber Situation Awareness - Theory, Techniques and Applications

Georgi Nikolov (Royal Military School Brussels, Belgium), Axelle Perez (Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium), Wim Mees (Royal Military Academy Brussels, Belgium)

Full Paper

In recent years the technology field has grown exponentially, bringing with it new possibilities, but also new threats. This rapid advancement has created fertile grounds for new sophisticated cyber attacks, exhibiting a high degree of complexity. In an ever evolving cyber landscape, organizations need to dedicate valuable resources in enhancing their understanding of emergent threats for the purposes of identification, analysis and mitigation. To accomplish this task, they rely on Cyber Situation Awareness (CSA), a framework designed for the purposes of managing the virtual environment through the perception and comprehension of the behaviors therein, be that benign or malicious, followed by modeling the future state of the environment based on the gathered information. In this paper, we will discuss how exactly the theory of Situation Awareness has been applied to the cyber domain. Further on, we will present various techniques used for handling the large quantity of complex data and managing the dynamic nature of the environment by Cyber Situation Operation Centers (CSOC) and discuss in detail a number of methodologies that have been designed for the evaluation of the level of CSA. Finally, we will provide specific examples of simulated scenarios for the application of the CSA assessment techniques.

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Unlocking the Potential of Knowledge Graphs: A Cyber Defense Ontology for a Knowledge Representation and Reasoning System

José María Jorquera Valero (University of Murcia, Spain), Antonio López Martínez (University of Murcia, Spain), Pedro Miguel Sánchez Sánchez (University of Murcia, Spain), Daniel Navarro Martínez (Indra Digital Labs, Spain), Rodrigo Varas López (Indra Digital Labs, Spain), Javier Ignacio Rojo Lacal (Indra Digital Labs, Spain), Antonio López Vivar (Indra Digital Labs, Spain), Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge (Indra Digital Labs, Spain), Manuel Gil Pérez (University of Murcia, Spain), Gregorio Martínez Pérez (University of Murcia, Spain)

Full Paper

In today's dynamic and complex warfare landscape, characterized by the convergence of traditional and emerging threats, the significance of cybersecurity in shaping modern conflicts cannot be overstated. Such trend presents a challenging paradigm shift in how military organizations approach mosaic warfare in the digital age since new attack vectors and targets appear in their landscapes. In this vein, it is pivotal for military teams to have a clear and concise roadmap for cybersecurity incidents linked to potential mosaic warfare. This manuscript introduces a novel approach to bolstering mosaic warfare strategies by integrating an advanced Knowledge Representation and Reasoning system and a tailored ontology. Motivated by the critical role of cybersecurity in contemporary warfare, the proposed system aims to enhance situational awareness, decision-making capabilities, and operational effectiveness in the face of evolving cyber threats. In this sense, this manuscript entails a new ontology that not only covers the cybersecurity realm but also introduces key concepts related to strategic and operational military levels at the same time. The ad-hoc ontology is also compared against other well-known ones, such as MITRE, NATO, or UCO approaches and manifests a significant performance by employing standardized quality metrics for ontologies. Lastly, a realistic mosaic warfare scenario is contextualized to demonstrate the deployment of the proposed system and how it can properly represent all information gathered from heterogeneous data sources.

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NEWSROOM: Towards Automating Cyber Situational Awareness Processes and Tools for Cyber Defence

Markus Wurzenberger (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Austria), Stephan Krenn (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Austria), Max Landauer (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Florian Skopik (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Cora Perner (Airbus, Germany), Jarno Lötjönen (Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Finland), Jani Päijänen (Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Finland), Georgios Gardikis (Space Hellas S.A., Greece), Nikos Alabasis (Space Hellas S.A., Greece), Liisa Sakerman (Sihtasutus CR14, Estonia), Fredi Arro (Sihtasutus CR14, Estonia), Kristiina Omri (CybExer Technologies OÜ, Estonia), Aare Reintam (CybExer Technologies OÜ, Estonia), Juha Röning (University of Oulu, Finland), Kimmo Halunen (University of Oulu, Finland), Romain Ferrari (ThereSIS, Thales SIX GTS, France), Vincent Thouvenot (ThereSIS, Thales SIX GTS, France), Martin Weise (TU Wien, Austria), Andreas Rauber (TU Wien, Austria), Vasileios Gkioulos (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway), Sokratis Katsikas (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway), Luigi Sabetta (LeonardoLabs (Leonardo spa), Italy), Jacopo Bonato (LeonardoLabs (Leonardo spa), Italy), Rocío Ortíz (INDRA, Spain), Daniel Navarro (INDRA, Spain), Nikolaos Stamatelatos (Logstail, Greece), Ioannis Avdoulas (Logstail, Greece), Rudolf Mayer (University of Vienna, Austria), Andreas Ekelhart (University of Vienna, Austria), Ioannis Giannoulakis (Eight Bells Ltd, Cyprus), Emmanouil Kafetzakis (Eight Bells Ltd, Cyprus), Antonello Corsi (CY4GATE SpA, Italy), Ulrike Lechner (Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany), Corinna Schmitt (Universität der Bundeswehr München, FI CODE, Germany)

Full Paper

Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA) is an important element in both cyber security and cyber defence to inform processes and activities on strategic, tactical, and operational level. Furthermore, CSA enables informed decision making. The ongoing digitization and interconnection of previously unconnected components and sectors equally affects the civilian and military sector. In defence, this means that the cyber domain is both a separate military domain as well as a cross-domain and connecting element for the other military domains comprising land, air, sea, and space. Therefore, CSA must support perception, comprehension, and projection of events in the cyber space for persons with different roles and expertise. This paper introduces NEWSROOM, a research initiative to improve technologies, methods, and processes specifically related to CSA in cyber defence. For this purpose, NEWSROOM aims to improve methods for attacker behavior classification, cyber threat intelligence (CTI) collection and interaction, secure information access and sharing, as well as human computer interfaces (HCI) and visualizations to provide persons with different roles and expertise with accurate and easy to comprehend mission- and situation-specific CSA. Eventually, NEWSROOM's core objective is to enable informed and fast decision-making in stressful situations of military operations. The paper outlines the concept of NEWSROOM and explains how its components can be applied in relevant application scenarios.

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Evaluating the impact of contextual information on the performance of intelligent continuous authentication systems

Pedro Miguel Sánchez Sánchez (Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Spain, Spain), Adrián Abenza Cano (Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Spain, Spain), Alberto Huertas Celdrán (Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland), Gregorio Martínez Pérez (Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Spain, Spain)

Full Paper

Nowadays, the usage of computers ranges from activities that do not consider sensitive data, such as playing video games, to others managing confidential information, like military operations. Additionally, regardless of the actions performed by subjects, most computers store different pieces of sensitive data, making the implementation of robust security mechanisms a critical and mandatory task. In this context, continuous authentication has been proposed as a complementary mechanism to improve the limitations of conventional authentication methods. However, mainly driven by the evolution of Machine Learning (ML), a series of challenges related to authentication performance and, therefore, the feasibility of existing systems are still open. This work proposes the usage of contextual information related to the applications executed in the computers to create ML models able to authenticate subjects continuously. To evaluate the suitability of the proposed context-aware ML models, a continuous authentication framework for computers has been designed and implemented. Then, a set of experiments with a public dataset with 12 subjects demonstrated the improvement of the proposed approach compared to the existing ones. Precision, recall, and F1-Score metrics are raised from an average of 0.96 (provided by general ML models proposed in the literature) to 0.99-1.

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On the Application of Natural Language Processing for Advanced OSINT Analysis in Cyber Defence

Florian Skopik (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Benjamin Akhras (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Elisabeth Woisetschlaeger (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Medina Andresel (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Markus Wurzenberger (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), Max Landauer (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria)

Full Paper

Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), in addition to closed military sources, provides timely information on emerging cyber attack techniques, attacker groups, changes in IT products, policy updates, recent events, and much more. Often, dozens of analysts scour hundreds of sources to gather, categorize, cluster, and prioritize news items, delivering the most pertinent information to decision makers. However, the sheer volume of sources and news items is continually expanding, making manual searches increasingly challenging. Moreover, the format and presentation of this information vary widely, with each blog entry, threat report, discussion forum, and mailing list item appearing differently, further complicating parsing and extracting relevant data. The research projects NEWSROOM and EUCINF, under the European Defence Fund (EDF), focus on leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance mission-oriented cyber situational awareness. These EDF initiatives are instrumental in advancing Taranis AI, a tool designed to categorize news items using machine learning algorithms and extract pertinent entities like company names, products, CVEs, and attacker groups. This enables the indexing and labeling of content, facilitating the identification of relationships and grouping of news items related to the same events -- a crucial step in crafting cohesive "stories." These stories enable human analysts to swiftly capture the most significant current "hot topics", alleviating them from the task of consolidating or filtering redundant information from various sources. Taranis AI further enhances its capabilities by automatically generating summaries of reports and stories, and implementing a collaborative ranking system, among other features. This paper serves as an introduction to Taranis AI, exploring its NLP advancements and their practical applications. Additionally, it discusses lessons learned from its implementation and outlines future directions for research and development.

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PQ-REACT: Post Quantum Cryptography Framework for Energy Aware Contexts

Marta Irene Garcia Cid (Indra, Spain), Kourtis Michail-Alexandros (National Centre for Scientific Research “DEMOKRITOS”, Greece), David Domingo (Indra Sistemas de Comunicaciones Seguras, Spain), Nikolay Tcholtchev (Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems, Germany), Vangelos K. Markakis (Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece), Marcin Niemiec (AGH University, Poland), Juan Pedro Brito Mendez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain), Laura Ortiz (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain), Vicente Martin (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain), Diego Lopez (Telefonica Investicacion y Desarrollo, Spain), George Xilouris (National Centre for Scientific Research “DEMOKRITOS”, Greece), Maria Gagliardi (Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italy), Jose Gonzalez (MTU Autralo Alplha Lab, Estonia), Miguel Garcia (Splorotech S.L., Spain), Giovanni Comande (SMARTEX SRL, Italy), Nikolai Stoianov (Bulgarian Defence Institute, Bulgaria)

Full Paper

Public key cryptography is nowadays a crucial component of global communications which are critical to our economy, security and way of life. The quantum computers are expected to be a threat and the widely used RSA, ECDSA, ECDH, and DSA cryptosystems will need to be replaced by quantum safe cryptography. The main objective of the HORIZON Europe PQ-REACT project is to design, develop and validate a framework for a faster and smoother transition from classical to quantum safe cryptography for a wide variety of contexts and usage domains that could have a potential interest for defence purposes. This framework will include Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) migration paths and cryptographic agility methods and will develop a portfolio of tools for validation of post quantum cryptographic systems using Quantum Computing. A variety of real-world pilots using PQC and Quantum Cryptography, i.e., Smart Grids, 5G and Ledgers will be deployed and a series of open calls for SMEs and other stakeholders will be launched to bring and test their PQC algorithms and external pilots on the PQ-REACT Quantum Computing Infrastructure.

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Operation Assessment in cyberspace: Understanding the effects of Cyber Deception

Salvador Llopis Sanchez (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain), David Lopes Antunes (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain)

Full Paper

Cyber planners face a considerable challenge in finding holistic solutions for a cyber defence decision-support system - a core module of a cyber situation awareness capability. Due to a fast-evolving cyberspace, decision makers assisted by technical staff are prone to carry out qualitative assessments when planning and conducting cyber operations instead of exclusively relying on quantitative assessments to articulate cyber defence mechanisms. A hybrid setting combining both types of assessments would be key to have the ability to monitor progression, anticipate deviations from initial plans and evaluate effectiveness towards mission accomplishment. In line with this rationale, the authors propose a thorough analysis and tailorness of the operation assessment framework applied to the characteristics of the cyberspace in view of identifying a proper methodology able to regularly assess the situation and provide mitigation measures to fix goal alignment problems including measuring effects of cyber deception. Such goals are considered decisive conditions of the operation design. The results are expected to shed some light about measuring the required performance of action and effectiveness using mission impact and risk calculations among others.

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Detail CSA 02/05

5th Workshop on Recent Advances in Cyber Situational Awareness and Data-Centric Approaches to be held in the conjunction with the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security

Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are the backbone of the global economic growth and prosperity for society. They are a critical resource on which all economic sectors rely on. This situation has empowered the implementation of strategies, policies and regulations aimed at protecting the cyber assets and digital marketplaces, safeguarding at the same time the fundamental rights of citizens, such as privacy or data protection.

Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA), a dual-use area of technology development, enabled by mission-centric reasoning and knowledge acquisition approaches, provides a clear understanding of the current state of the planned/ongoing missions, thus inferring and anticipating future changes and inferring risks that may compromise related actuation domains (virtual-to-live). This involves the orchestration of a plethora of information processing actions. Among them, it can be cited: identification of key cyber terrain (KCT), dynamic risk assessment/management, incident response or threat analysis to name only a few. The proficiency in conducting mission-centric situational awareness poses a new nuance in the emergent digital landscape, since the capabilities for acquiring contextual information of the protected domain (e.g., disruptive monitoring features, complex event correlation, smart decision-making, etc.) are to be significantly enhanced to keep pace with an evolving digital transformation. Suitable CSA solutions shall also address cross-cutting barriers, comprising social, economic, industrial or regulatory/standardization challenges, which might lead to particularly breakthrough contributions in topics such as education and training (e.g. Cyber Ranges), including convergence with other related research and technology fields e.g. evidence notification, visualisation through Common Operational Picture (COP), and so on.

When building CSA, a mission-oriented dimension seeks to ensure effective resource employment while adapting to changes in each situation. The focus is to address configurable information management solutions in cyberspace concerning mission plans (assets, capabilities, dependencies, alternatives, goals, tasks, priorities, etc.) including enabling techniques. They are expected to shed some light, for instance, on performance improvements to cyber defence solutions, such as management dashboards in a security operation centre (or similar organisations), complemented with decision-making techniques to achieve resilience on information infrastructures, computer networks, data, and signals. These aspects will develop into innovative approaches, challenges, and opportunities to promote advanced situational awareness and capabilities.

The aim the CSA 2024 Workshop is to gather contributions of leading-edge researchers from academia and industry, and to provide a forum of discussion about latest research trends in the rapidly developed field of cyber security technologies, data-centric approaches and secure communications with the goal of supporting the development of state-of-the-art CSA, the analysis of innovative data-centric frameworks and the emergence of advanced secure communications in support of crisis management operations, and therefore providing a valuable information venue to researchers as well as practitioners. Manuscripts regarding novel approaches, architectures, implementations, on-going projects, and experiences are encouraged. These may cover all necessary aspects of this research field, including cyber defence, telecommunications, electronics, situational awareness, multisensor data fusion, networking, command and control, decision-making, etc.

Keynote: The Future of Strategic Military Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA)
In this keynote, the transformative future of military Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA) embedded in multi domain activities will be explored, focusing on the integration of cutting-edge technologies like e.g. offensive Large Language Models (LLMs) and AI supported game theoretic planning. These innovations are poised to revolutionize cyber defense and offense, providing military organizations with unprecedented capabilities to predict, analyze, and respond to large scale military cyber threats. Offensive LLMs did enable real-time reasoning on threat analysis, sophisticated automated responses, and effective cyber deception tactics. Concurrently, Game Theoretic Planning Machines will enhance strategic decision-making by modeling adversary behavior, dynamically adapting tactics, and simulating potential scenarios, including exploit markets, CVE message systems and effective monitoring with sensors. This comprehensive and adaptive overview will pay attention to continuous operational effectiveness, proactive defense, and strategic offensive operations, maintaining a critical edge in the ever-evolving landscape of cyber warfare. The future of military CSA is not just about defense but also about leveraging advanced technology for strategic interests in cyberspace, paying attention to cognitive attacks.

About the speaker:
Dr. Joachim Klerx is a researcher at the AIT Innovation Systems Center and visiting researcher at the National Defense Academy. As a trained philosopher and economist, his research focus is on the development of new AI methods for foresight and horizon scanning as well as software development for horizon scanning centers. His successes in recent years include the development of ISA (Intelligent Screening Agent), an agent that searches the Internet for weak signals of emerging problems (SESTI). In ETTIS he worked on a system for threat detection and political agenda setting. At EFP he was responsible for the development of a global knowledge exchange platform for the worldwide foresight community. As a visiting researcher at the National Defense Academy, he developed both the operational concept and the software for the CDRC (Cyber Documentation and Research Center), which has been in operational operation since 2018. In addition, he and his team have developed crawlers for identifying hidden networks of organized crime (ANITA) and terrorism (DANTE) and money laundering (TRACE). In TRACE he is responsible for technical coordination.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to 03/05

Artificial Intelligence enabled Cybersecurity and viceversa
Automated Cyber response mechanisms
Big data on Cyber situational awareness
Cyber Threat Intelligence management
Cyber risk Identification and Assessment
Cybersecurity Education and Training activities
Gamification and Cyber ranges
Incident modeling and simulation
Digital twins applied to Cybersecurity
Incident response, reasoning and decision-making
Cyber Key Terrain identification and assessment
Mission planning, assessment and management in support of cybersecurity tasks
Cyber Resilience and recovery
Visual analytics, Cyber Common Operational Picture and presentation techniques
Secure communications
Command and Control systems
Quantum Technologies
Situation understanding of complex information environments
Zero Trust architectures and data-centric security

Workshop Chairs 04/05

Workshop Chairs

Salvador Llopis

Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

salllosa@masters.upv.es

Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge

Indra, Spain

masotelo@indra.es

Marta Irene García Cid

Indra, Spain

migarcia@indra.es

Jorge Maestre Vidal

Indra, Spain

jmaestre@indra.es

Gregorio Martínez Perez

Universidad de Murcia, Spain

gregorio@um.es

Program Committee

Nikolai Stoianov | Bulgarian Defence Institute, Bulgaria

Victor Villagrá González | Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro | Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom SudParis, France

Alberto Huertas Celdran | University of Zurich, Switzerland

Patricia Arias Cabarcos | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

Cataldo Basile | Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Roumen Daton Medenou | Indra, Digital Labs, Spain

Miguel Páramo Castrillo | Indra, Digital Labs, Spain

Lorenzo Fernández Maimó | Universidad de Murcia, Spain

Manuel Gil Pérez | Universidad de Murcia, Spain

Alessandro Brighente | University of Padua, Italy

Fabio De Gaspari | Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Georgios Kambourakis | University of the Aegean, Greece

Submission 05/05

Submission Guidelines

The submission guidelines valid for the workshop are the same as for the ARES conference.

More Information

Important Dates

Extended Submission Deadline May 12, 2024

Author Notification Jun 02, 2024

Proceedings Version Jun 18, 2024

Conference Jul 30 — Aug 02, 2024